• Aldrich, Robert; Stucki, Andreas, The colonial world: a history of European empires, 1780s to the present, London, Bloomsbury Academic, 2023Compulsory* (pp. 17–40)
• Bloxham, Donald, Europe in the World: Systems and Cultures of Violence, Part of: Political violence in twentieth-century Europe, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2011, p. ix, 258 p.Compulsory* (pp. 11–39)
• Bloxham, Donald, Prologue: Eastern Questions, Nationalist Answers, Part of: The great game of genocide, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. xiv, 329 p.Compulsory* (pp- 29–68)
• Ebru, Boyar, Nations and Nationalism in the Late Ottoman Empire, Part of: The Cambridge History of Nationhood and Nationalism. Volume 2, Nationalism's Fields of Interaction / Cathie Carmichael, Matthew D'Auria, and Aviel Roshwald, uuuu-uuuuCompulsory* (pp. 24–42)
• Dwyer, Empires of Violence: Massacre in a Revolutionary Age, London, Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2025Compulsory* (chap. 1 (pp. 13–22) and chap. 5 (115–36).)
• Dwyer, Philip; Nettelbeck, Amanda, Savage Wars of Peace, 2018Compulsory* (pp. 1–24)
• Dwyer, Philip; Lyndall, Ryan, Massacre in the Old and New Worlds, c.1780–1820, Part of: Journal of genocide research., 15:2Compulsory* (pp. 111–15)
• Gerwarth, Robert, The Vanquished: Why the First World War Failed to End, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2017Compulsory* (pp. 1–15; 101–152; 171–198)
• Gordon, Michelle, Persecution, Oppression, and Subjection, Part of: A cultural history of violence in the the age of empire, London, Bloomsbury Academic, 2025, p. xiii, 251 pagesCompulsory* (pp. 89–106.)
• Jones, Adam, Genocide: a comprehensive introduction, Fourth edition, London, Routledge, 2024Compulsory* (135–59)
• Kia, Mehrdad., The Ottoman Empire, Westport, Conn., Greenwood Press, 2008Compulsory* (chap. 1–2; 3–8)
• Kubicek, Robert, British Expansion, Empire, and Technological Change, Part of: The Oxford history of the British Empire. Volume III, The nineteenth century [electronic resource] / Andrew Porter, editor ; editor-in-chief, Wm. Roger Louis, uuuu-uuuuCompulsory* (pp. 247–269)
• Merriman, John M., A history of modern Europe, Fourth edition., New York, W.W. Norton & Company, 2019Compulsory* (chapters 12 ‘The French Revolution’, chapter 13 ‘Napoleon and Europe’, pp. 435–512, and chapter 21 ‘The Age of Imperialism’, pp. 826–872)
• Pine, Lisa, Debating genocide, Zed Books, 2018Compulsory* (pp. 15–50)
• Thomas, Martin, Technologies of Violence, Part of: A cultural history of violence in the the age of empire, London, Bloomsbury Academic, 2025, p. xiii, 251 pagesCompulsory* (pp. 167–86)
• Vandervort, Bruce, Wars of imperial conquest in Africa, 1830-1914, London, UCL Press, 1998Compulsory* (pp. 185–208)
• Wagner, Kim A., Savage Warfare: Violence and the Rule of Colonial Difference in Early British Counterinsurgency, Part of: History workshop journal., 85/1Compulsory* (217–37)
• Wawro, Geoffrey, War, Technology, and Industrial Change, 1850–1914, Part of: The Cambridge History of War, Cambridge University Press, 2012Compulsory* (pp. 45–68)
• Üngör, Uğur Ümit , Mass violence against civilians during the Balkan Wars, Part of: The wars before the Great War, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2015, p. xi, 378 pagesCompulsory* (pp. 76–91)

* Compulsory