Benjamin Raffield
Researcher at Department of Archaeology, Ancient History and Conservation; Archaeology
- E-mail:
- ben.raffield@arkeologi.uu.se
- Visiting address:
- Engelska parken, Thunbergsvägen 3H
- Postal address:
- Box 626
751 26 UPPSALA
Biography
My primary regional and chronological expertise lies in Late Iron Age Scandinavia and early medieval Europe, in particular the study of conflict and military organisation, social structures and networks, political development, and cultural change. Currently, my work focuses on the themes of 1) violence, martial culture, and their impacts on social and political organisation, 2) captivity and slavery, and their links with conflict and state formation, and 3) migration, conflict, and coalescence in cross-cultural and transnational settings. These are explored and articulated primarily through discussions of Late Iron Age society, but with substantial reference to broader, global archaeologies of migration, slavery, conflict, and state formation.
Research
I am currently engaged in a number of research initiatives, including two major projects.
I am currently PI for the project Social Inequality, Structural Violence, and Marginalisation in Viking Age Scandinavia. The aim of the project, funded with a grant of 6.1 million SEK from the Swedish Research Council (2022-25), is to develop an interdisciplinary framework for the identification and study of social inequality in Viking-Age Scandinavia. Drawing on a large corpus of burials from excavated cemeteries in modern-day Sweden, the project mobilises both bioarchaeological and material analyses in order to explore the ways in which social hierarchies and inequality impacted the health and lifeways of different groups within communities.
In addition, I am a partner in the NordForsk-funded project Making a Warrior: The Social Implications of Viking Age Martial Ideologies (2023-26; project lead Dr. Marianne Moen), which aims to critically appraise and redefine the concept of warriorhood in Late Iron Age/Viking Age Scandinavia. The initiative, which involves partners from Norway, Denmark, Sweden, and Iceland, will adopt an interdisciplinary approach combining archaeological, anthropological, historical, and literary perspectives on the life course and social role of warrior groups within the wider milieu of prehistoric Scandinavian society.

Publications
Recent publications
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Breaking Down the "Barbarian" Trope: Strategic Military Coordination in Decentralized Collectives
Part of Journal of archaeological research, p. 63-105, 2025
- DOI for Breaking Down the "Barbarian" Trope: Strategic Military Coordination in Decentralized Collectives
- Download full text (pdf) of Breaking Down the "Barbarian" Trope: Strategic Military Coordination in Decentralized Collectives
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Problematizing 'alliance' in anthropological archaeology
Part of Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 2025
- DOI for Problematizing 'alliance' in anthropological archaeology
- Download full text (pdf) of Problematizing 'alliance' in anthropological archaeology
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Warrior institutions and martial networks in Viking-Age Scandinavia
Part of Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 2025
- DOI for Warrior institutions and martial networks in Viking-Age Scandinavia
- Download full text (pdf) of Warrior institutions and martial networks in Viking-Age Scandinavia
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High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe
Part of Nature, p. 118-126, 2025
- DOI for High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe
- Download full text (pdf) of High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe
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Introduction: A war of the worlds
Part of Multivocal Archaeologies of the Pacific War, 1941-45, p. 1-9, Routledge, 2024
All publications
Articles in journal
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Breaking Down the "Barbarian" Trope: Strategic Military Coordination in Decentralized Collectives
Part of Journal of archaeological research, p. 63-105, 2025
- DOI for Breaking Down the "Barbarian" Trope: Strategic Military Coordination in Decentralized Collectives
- Download full text (pdf) of Breaking Down the "Barbarian" Trope: Strategic Military Coordination in Decentralized Collectives
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Problematizing 'alliance' in anthropological archaeology
Part of Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 2025
- DOI for Problematizing 'alliance' in anthropological archaeology
- Download full text (pdf) of Problematizing 'alliance' in anthropological archaeology
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Warrior institutions and martial networks in Viking-Age Scandinavia
Part of Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 2025
- DOI for Warrior institutions and martial networks in Viking-Age Scandinavia
- Download full text (pdf) of Warrior institutions and martial networks in Viking-Age Scandinavia
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High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe
Part of Nature, p. 118-126, 2025
- DOI for High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe
- Download full text (pdf) of High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe
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Narratives of inequality: Towards an archaeology of structural violence in Late Iron Age Scandinavia
Part of Archaeological Dialogues, p. 137-162, 2023
- DOI for Narratives of inequality: Towards an archaeology of structural violence in Late Iron Age Scandinavia
- Download full text (pdf) of Narratives of inequality: Towards an archaeology of structural violence in Late Iron Age Scandinavia
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Part of Scandinavian Journal of History, p. 414-437, 2022
- DOI for Bound in captivity: intersections of viking raiding, slaving, and settlement in Western Europe during the ninth century CE
- Download full text (pdf) of Bound in captivity: intersections of viking raiding, slaving, and settlement in Western Europe during the ninth century CE
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New institutional economics in Viking studies: Visualising immaterial culture
Part of Archaeological Dialogues, p. 172-187, 2022
- DOI for New institutional economics in Viking studies: Visualising immaterial culture
- Download full text (pdf) of New institutional economics in Viking studies: Visualising immaterial culture
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Broken worlds: Towards an archaeology of the shatter zone
Part of Journal of archaeological method and theory, p. 871-910, 2021
- DOI for Broken worlds: Towards an archaeology of the shatter zone
- Download full text (pdf) of Broken worlds: Towards an archaeology of the shatter zone
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The Danelaw reconsidered: colonization and conflict in Viking-Age England
Part of Viking and Medieval Scandinavia, p. 181-220, 2020
- DOI for The Danelaw reconsidered: colonization and conflict in Viking-Age England
- Download full text (pdf) of The Danelaw reconsidered: colonization and conflict in Viking-Age England
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Part of Current Anthropology, p. 813-835, 2019
- DOI for Playing Vikings: Militarism, Hegemonic Masculinities, and Childhood Enculturation in Viking Age Scandinavia
- Download full text (pdf) of Playing Vikings: Militarism, Hegemonic Masculinities, and Childhood Enculturation in Viking Age Scandinavia
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The slave markets of the Viking world: comparative perspectives on an ‘invisible archaeology’’
Part of Slavery & Abolition, p. 682-705, 2019
- DOI for The slave markets of the Viking world: comparative perspectives on an ‘invisible archaeology’’
- Download full text (pdf) of The slave markets of the Viking world: comparative perspectives on an ‘invisible archaeology’’
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Religious belief and cooperation: a view from Viking-Age Scandinavia
Part of Religion, Brain & Behavior, p. 2-22, 2019
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Part of Evolution and human behavior, p. 315-324, 2017
- DOI for Male-biased operational sex ratios and the Viking phenomenon: an evolutionary anthropological perspective on Late Iron Age Scandinavian raiding
- Download full text (pdf) of Male-biased operational sex ratios and the Viking phenomenon: an evolutionary anthropological perspective on Late Iron Age Scandinavian raiding
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Polygyny, Concubinage, and the Social Lives of Women in Viking-Age Scandinavia
Part of Viking and Medieval Scandinavia, p. 165-209, 2017
- DOI for Polygyny, Concubinage, and the Social Lives of Women in Viking-Age Scandinavia
- Download full text (pdf) of Polygyny, Concubinage, and the Social Lives of Women in Viking-Age Scandinavia
Books
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Routledge, 2023
Chapters in book
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Introduction: A war of the worlds
Part of Multivocal Archaeologies of the Pacific War, 1941-45, p. 1-9, Routledge, 2024
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Cult Buildings and Ritual Sites: A view from Gamla Uppsala
Part of The Norse Sorceress, p. 63-72, Oxbow Books, 2023
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Slavery in Viking Age Scandinavia: a Review of the Archaeological Evidence
Part of Viking-Age Slavery, p. 7-58, Verlag Fassbaender, 2021
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Captifs, traites et marchés: l’esclavage viking
Part of Les mondes de l’esclavage, Éditions du Seuil, 2021
Collections (editor)
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Multivocal Archaeologies of the Pacific War, 1941–45: Collaboration, Reconciliation, and Renewal
Routledge, 2024
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Riksantikvarieämbetet, 2020