Merja Kytö
Professor at Department of English
- Telephone:
- +46 18 471 12 56
- E-mail:
- Merja.Kyto@engelska.uu.se
- Visiting address:
- Engelska parken, Thunbergsvägen 3 L
- Postal address:
- Box 527
751 20 Uppsala
Download contact information for Merja Kytö at Department of English
Short presentation
My main research interests include change and variation in the English language, present and past, and more recently, issues in research ethics. I specialise in the Early and Late Modern English periods and have done research on the English language used in Britain and in the early North-American colonies. My more recent research interests comprise spoken interaction in the past and developments in nineteenth-century English, with focus on intensifiers in the Old Bailey courtroom.
Biography
My research interests cover English historical linguistics, corpus linguistics, language variation and change, historical sociolinguistics and pragmatics, and manuscript studies. They derive from my time at the University of Helsinki (Finland), where I received my PhD in English Linguistics (1991), and where I worked as the research secretary in the Helsinki Corpus project (published in 1991). After a number of years at the University of Tampere as Associate Professor of English Philology, with special reference to American Language and Literature (1994–1997), I was appointed as Professor of the English Language at Uppsala University (Sweden). I am currently Senior Professor of English Language at Uppsala University, supervising doctoral students and carrying out research on English linguistics.
Research
My research has evolved around historical corpus linguistics and manuscript studies. I have participated in a number of research projects since my time in the Helsinki Corpus project, and many of my publications derive from work on these projects (see below). In addition to monographs and collected volumes, I have published extensively in peer-reviewed journals and collected volumes, either as a single author or in collaboration with colleagues. Together with colleagues, I have also arranged conferences and symposia at Uppsala, among them the Sixth International Conference on Late Modern English in 2017 and the research ethics symposium focusing on Questionable Research Practices in 2022, with a follow-up symposium coming up in Uppsala in December 2023.
As for my publication activities, among other things I was the co-editor for Nineteenth-century English: Stability and Change (CUP, 2006), and with Jonathan Culpeper, the co-author of Early Modern English Dialogues: Spoken Interaction as Writing (CUP, 2010). In the context of the latter project, we compiled A Corpus of English Dialogues 1560–1760 (CED), and as a follow-up project, together with Peter J. Grund and Terry Walker, I was the co-editor and co-compiler of An Electronic Text Edition of Depositions 1560–1760 (ETED), a manuscript-based corpus, which appeared on a CD accompanying the Testifying to Language and Life in Early Modern England authored by the team (Benjamins, 2011). With Anke Lüdeling, I co-edited Corpus Linguistics: An International Handbook (Walter de Gruyter, 2008) and, as associate editor of the Salem project, co-edited the Records of the Salem Witch-Hunt (CUP, 2009). With Päivi Pahta, I co-edited the Cambridge Handbook of English Historical Linguistics, and with Erik Smitterberg, I am currently co-editing volume 2 entitled Documentation, Sources of Data and Modelling for The New Cambridge History of the English Language series for Cambridge University Press. The monograph entitled Intensifiers in Late Modern English: A Sociopragmatic Approach to Courtroom Discourse, which I have been working on with Claudia Claridge and Ewa Jonsson, will appear in 2024 in my Studies in English Language series (Cambridge University Press). I am also the Editor for the new “Elements on History of English” series underway at Cambridge University Press.
My above research activities have recently been enriched by my participation in a project devoted to Questionable Research Practices, within which, together with Tove Larsson, Luke Plonsky, Scott Sterling, Katherine Yaw and Margaret Wood, I have given conference presentations and published articles on the topic.
I have also been active in editing journals and yearbooks. I am the co-editor of the ICAME Journal, the co-editor-in-chief of Studia Neophilologica, and the editor of the yearbook of the Royal Society of the Humanities at Uppsala.

Publications
Recent publications
Kungl. Humanistiska Vetenskaps-Samfundet i Uppsala: Årsbok 2023-2024
Kungl. Humanistiska Vetenskaps-Samfundet i Uppsala, 2025
Research ethics in applied linguistics
Part of Research Methods for Applied Linguistics, Edinburgh University Press, 2025
Addressing Questionable Research Practices in Applied Linguistics: A Practical Guide
Applied Linguistics Press, 2024
Intensifiers in Late Modern English: A Sociopragmatic Approach to Courtroom Discourse
Cambridge University Press, 2024
A Taxonomy of Questionable Research Practices in Quantitative Humanities
Part of Ethical Issues in Applied Linguistics Scholarship, p. 10-27, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2024
- DOI for A Taxonomy of Questionable Research Practices in Quantitative Humanities
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All publications
Articles in journal
Researchers Training Researchers: Ethics Training in Quantitative Applied Linguistics
Part of TESOL quarterly (Print), 2024
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Interview with Laurel J. Brinton
Part of Journal of English Linguistics, p. 346-362, 2024
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Introducing and illustrating the Delphi method for applied linguistics research
Part of Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, 2023
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Research ethics in applied linguistics
Part of Language Teaching, p. 478-494, 2023
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Part of Language Teaching, p. 557-561, 2023
Research ethics in Applied Linguistics
Part of Language Teaching, p. 478-494, 2023
On the frequency, prevalence, and perceived severity of Questionable Research Practices
Part of Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, 2023
Clausal and phrasal coordination in recent American English
Part of Corpus linguistics and linguistic theory, p. 23-46, 2023
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A Little Something Goes a Long Way: Little in the Old Bailey Corpus
Part of Journal of English Linguistics, p. 61-89, 2021
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Degree and Related Phenomena in the History of English: Evidence of Usage and Pathways of Change
Part of Journal of English Linguistics, p. 3-17, 2021
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Hur uppkom engelskans artiklar?
Part of Forskning och Framsteg, 2021
Entirely innocent: A historical sociopragmatic analysis of maximizers in the Old Bailey Corpus
Part of English Language and Linguistics, p. 855-874, 2020
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Part of International Journal of English Studies (IJES), p. 95-116, 2020
- DOI for A Standardization Process in its Final Stages: Mine and Thine in A Corpus of English Dialogues 1560-1760
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L’interaction orale du passé: A Corpus of English Dialogues 1560-1760
Part of Langages, p. 55-69, 2020
Part of Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics, 2019
- DOI for Varying social roles and networks on a family farm: Evidence from Swedish immigrant letters, 1880s to 1930s
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Register in historical linguistics
Part of Register Studies, p. 136-167, 2019
Part of Journal of Historical Pragmatics, p. 161-166, 2018
Introduction: Exploring the Multifaceted Faces of Punctuation
Part of Studia Neophilologica, p. 1-4, 2018
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Breaking Boundaries: Current Research Trends in English Linguistics and Philology
Part of Studia Neophilologica, p. 1-4, 2017
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Guidelines for normalising Early Modern English corpora: Decisions and justifications
Part of ICAME Journal, p. 5-24, 2015
Philology on the Move: Manuscript Studies at the Dawn of the 21st Century
Part of Studia Neophilologica, p. 1-8, 2014
Part of Studia Neophilologica, p. 1-5, 2012
Corpora and historical linguistics
Part of Revista Brasileira de Linguistica Aplicada, p. 417-457, 2011
English Witness Depositions 1560-1760: An Electronic Text Edition
Part of ICAME Journal, 2007
Part of Journal of Historical Pragmatics, p. 1-35, 2005
Editing the Salem Witchcraft Records: An Exploration of a Linguistic Treasury
Part of American Speech, p. 146-166, 2004
The Linguistic Study of Early Modern English Speech-related Texts: How 'Bad' Can 'Bad' Data Be?
Part of Journal of English Linguistics, p. 221-248, 2003
The GO-Futures in English and French Viewed as an Areal Feature
Part of NOWELE, p. 29-60, 2002
English historical corpora: Report on developments in 1999
Part of ICAME Journal, p. 159-175, 2000
Data in Historical Pragmatics: Spoken Interaction (Re)cast as Writing
Part of Journal of Historical Pragmatics, p. 175-199, 2000
Building a Bridge between the Present and the Past: A Corpus of 19th-century English
Part of ICAME Journal, p. 85-97, 2000
English Historical Corpora: Report on Developments in 1998.
Part of ICAME Journal, p. 175-188, 1999
Part of Årsbok / Kungl. Humanistiska Vetenskaps-Samfundet i Uppsala. Annales Societas Litterarum Humaniorum Regiae Upsaliensis), 1998, p. 41-56, 1999
English Historical Corpora: Report on Developments in 1997
Part of ICAME Journal, p. 113-120, 1998
Part of A Reader in Early Modern English, p. 1-6, 1998
English Historical Corpora: Report on Developments in 1996
Part of ICAME Journal, p. 109-120, 1997
English Historical Corpora: Report on Developments in 1995.
Part of ICAME Journal, p. 117-130, 1996
Books
Addressing Questionable Research Practices in Applied Linguistics: A Practical Guide
Applied Linguistics Press, 2024
Intensifiers in Late Modern English: A Sociopragmatic Approach to Courtroom Discourse
Cambridge University Press, 2024
John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011
Early Modern English Dialogues: spoken interaction as writing
Cambridge University Press, 2010
Guide to A Corpus of English Dialogues 1560-1760
Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2006
A Reader in Early Modern English
Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main, Bern, New York etc., 1998
Chapters in book
Research ethics in applied linguistics
Part of Research Methods for Applied Linguistics, Edinburgh University Press, 2025
A Taxonomy of Questionable Research Practices in Quantitative Humanities
Part of Ethical Issues in Applied Linguistics Scholarship, p. 10-27, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2024
- DOI for A Taxonomy of Questionable Research Practices in Quantitative Humanities
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Survival or Death: Mine/My and Thine/Thy Variation in Early Modern English Medical Writing
Part of Corpus Pragmatic Studies on the History of Medical Discourse, p. 105-126, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2022
Coordination in the Courtroom: The uses of AND in the records of the Salem witchcraft trials
Part of Earlier North American Englishes, p. 37-64, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2022
Earlier North American Englishes: Recent Advances and Future Prospects
Part of Earlier North American Englishes, p. 1-18, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2022
Migration, Localities, and Discourse: Shifting Linguistic Boundaries in Swedish-American Cookbooks
Part of Studies in the History of the English Language VIII, p. 225-248, Mouton de Gruyter, 2020
Introduction: Late Modern English studies into the twenty-first century
Part of Late Modern English, p. 1-17, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2020
Part of The Cambridge Handbook of World Englishes, p. 160-184, Cambrdige University Press, 2020
The Conjunction and in Phrasal and Clausal Structures in the Old Bailey Corpus
Part of Categories, Constructions, and Change in English Syntax, p. 234-250, Cambridge University Press, 2019
Introduction: Multiple Functions and Contexts of Punctuation
Part of Punctuation in Context -- Past and Present Perspectives, p. 9-20, Peter Lang, 2019
'A (great) deal of': Developments in 19th-century British and Australian English
Part of Processes of Change, p. 49-71, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2019
The Conjunction 'and' in Phrasal and Clausal Structures in the Old Bailey Corpus
Part of Categories, Contructions, and Change in English Syntax, p. 234-250, Cambridge University Press, 2019
Part of The Cambrdige Handbook of English Historical Linguistics, p. 1-15, Cambridge University Press, 2016
English Genres in Diachronic Corpus Linguistics
Part of From Clerks to Corpora, p. 117-133, Stockholm University, 2015
Part of The Cambridge Handbook of English Corpus Linguistics, p. 330-345, Cambridge University Press, 2015
Part of Developments in English, p. 11-13, Cambridge University Press, 2015
"You are a bit of a sneak": Exploring a degree modifier in the Old Bailey Corpus
Part of Late Modern English Syntax, p. 239-268, Cambridge University Press, 2014
English in the digital age: general introduction
Part of Developments of English, p. 1-8, Cambridge University Press, 2014
Part of Diachronic Corpus Pragmatics, p. 29-52, John Benjamins, 2014
Part of Principles and Practices for the Digital Editing and Annotation of Diachronic Data, VARIENG / Studies in Variation, Contacts and Change, 2013
New Perspectives, Theories and Methods: Corpus Linguistics
Part of English Historical Linguistics, p. 1509-1531, Mouton de Gruyter, 2012
Evidence from historical corpora up to the twentieth century
Part of The Oxford Handbook of the History of English, p. 123-133, Oxford University Press, 2012
Part of English Corpus Linguistics, p. 1-6, Rodopi, 2012
Non-standard language in earlier English
Part of Varieties of English in Writing, p. 15-41, John Benjamins, 2010
Explorations into 'spoken' interaction of the past: Evidence from early English texts
Part of Anglistentag 2009 Klagenfurt, p. 9-20, Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, 2010
Part of Historical Pragmatics, p. 33-67, Walter de Gruyter, 2010
Part of Language Change and Variation from Old English to Late Modern English, p. 13-18, Peter Lang, 2010
Part of Records of the Salem Witch-Hunt, Cambridge University Press, 2009
Part of Corpus Linguistics, Walter de Gruyter, 2008
Engelskans historia speglad i sina texter
Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien, 2008
Part of Corpus Linguistics, p. 349-385, Routledge, 2007
Part of Towards Multimedia in Corpus Studies. Vol. 2, Research Unit for Variation, Contacts and Change in English (VARIENG),, 2007
Part of Databaser och digitalisering inom humaniora, The Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet), Database Infrastructure Committee (DISC), 2007
Adjective Comparison in Nineteenth-century English
Part of Nineteenth-century English, p. 194-214, Cambridge University Press, 2006
Part of Dialogic Language Use/Dimensions du dialogisme/Dialogischer Sprachgebrauch, p. 69-85, Société Néophilologique, 2006
Historisk dialoganalys: lexikala upprepningar i äldre nyengelska
Part of Kungl. Vetenskapssamhällets i Uppsala årsbok, p. 41-46, Kungl. Vetenskapssamhället i Uppsala, 2006
Nineteenth-century English: An Age of Stability or a Period of Change?
Part of Corpus-based Studies of Diachronic English, p. 199-230, Peter Lang, 2006
Introduction: Exploring Nineteenth-century English—Past and Present Perspectives
Part of Nineteenth-century English, p. 1-16, Cambridge University Press, 2006
The Emergence of Early American English: Evidence from Seventeenth-century Records in New England
Part of Legacies of Colonial English, p. 121-157, Cambridge University Press, 2004
The Middle English "'for to' + infinitive" Construction: A Two-fold Contact Phenomenon?
Part of Language contact in the history of English, p. 35-55, Peter Lang; Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Wien, 2001
Part of The Development of Standard English 1300-1800, p. 171-194, Cambridge University Press, 2000
Robert Keayne's Notebooks: A Verbatim Record of Spoken English in Early Boston?
Part of Textual Parameters in Older Languages, p. 273-308, John Benjamins; Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 2000
Part of Collocational and Idiomatic Aspects of Composite Predicates in the History of English, p. 167-206, John Benjamins. Amsterdam and Philadelphia., 1999
Part of Writing in nonstandard English, p. 1731-185, John Benjamins; Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 1999
Modifying Pragmatic Force: Hedges in Early Modern English Dialogues
Part of Historical dialogue analysis, p. 293-312, John Benjamins. Amsterdam and Philadelphia., 1999
Part of Language History and Linguistic Modelling, p. 323-342, Mouton de Gruyter. Berlin and New York., 1997
Part of English in transition, p. 17-85, Mouton de Gruyter, 1997
Part of To explain the present, p. 329-352, Societe Neophilologique. Helsinki., 1997
Towards a Corpus of Dialogues, 1550-1750
Part of Language in time and space, p. 60-73, Franz Steiner. Stuttgart., 1997
Towards a Corpus of Dialogues, 1550-1750
Part of Language in time and space, p. 60-73, Franz Steiner Verlag, 1997
Collections (editor)
Kungl. Humanistiska Vetenskaps-Samfundet i Uppsala: Årsbok 2023-2024
Kungl. Humanistiska Vetenskaps-Samfundet i Uppsala, 2025
Kungl. Humanistiska Vetenskaps-Samfundet i Uppsala: Årsbok 2022-2023
Kungl. Humanistiska Vetenskaps-Samfundet i Uppsala, 2024
Kungl. Humanistiska Vetenskaps-Samfundet i Uppsala: Årsbok 2021-2022
Kungl. Humanistiska Vetenskaps-Samfundet i Uppsala, 2023
Earlier North American Englishes
John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2022
Kungl. Humanistiska Vetenskaps-Samfundet i Uppsala: Årsbok 2020-2021
Kungl. Humanistiska Vetenskaps-Samfundet i Uppsala, 2022
Kungl. Humanistiska Vetenskaps-Samfundet i Uppsala: Årsbok 2019-2020
Kungl. Humanistiska Vetenskaps-Samfundet i Uppsala, 2021
Late Modern English: Novel encounters
John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2020
Punctuation in Context -- Past and Present Perspectives
Peter Lang, 2019
Interfacing Individuality and Collaboration in English Language Research World
Taylor & Francis Group, 2017
The Cambridge Handbook of English Historical Linguistics
Cambridge University Press, 2016
Developments in English: Expanding Electronic Evidence
Cambridge University Press, 2015
Routledge, 2014
Developments in English: Expanding Electronic Evidence
Cambridge University Press, 2014
English Corpus Linguistics: Crossing Paths
Rodopi, 2012
"Confess if you be guilty": Witchcraft Records in Their Linguistic and Socio-Cultural Context
Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2012
Peter Lang, 2010
Corpus Linguistics: An International Handbook: Volume 2
Mouton de Gruyter, 2009
Records of the Salem Witch-Hunt
Cambridge University Press, 2009
Corpus Linguistics: An International Handbook: Volume 1
Mouton de Gruyter, 2008
Conference papers
The socio-pragmatics of intensifiers: Evidence from the Old Bailey Corpus
2022
Heritage Swedish, English, and Textual Space in Rural Communities of Practice
Part of Selected Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Immigrant Languages in the Americas (WILA 8), p. 44-54, 2018
Heritage Swedish, English, and Textual Space in Rural Communities of Practice
2017
Migration, Localities, and Discourse: A Century of Community Cookbook Data and Language Contact
2017
2016
Part of Sammelbandes zur historischen Mündlichkeit, 2016
2016
Part of The Seventh Annual Workshop on Immigrant Languages in the Americas (WILA 7), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia. October 27–29, 2016., 2016
English Genres in Diachronic Corpus Linguistics
Part of From Clerks to Corpora, p. 117-133, 2015
Intensifiers on their way out: 'full', 'right' and 'real' in the Old Bailey Corpus
2015
2015
"‘You are a bit of a sneak’: Exploring a Degree Modifier in the Old Bailey Corpus
Part of Late Modern English Syntax, p. 239-268, 2014
"You in New England are Theeves and Robbers": Exploring an Old Language in a New Setting
2014
Normalising the Corpus of English Dialogues (1560–1760) using VARD2: Decisions and Justifications
2014
2014
The Changing Fortunes of a great deal : Distributions in Grammar, Time, and Place
2013
Pretty and a bit : Exploring Two Degree Modifiers in the Old Bailey Corpus
Part of Pretty and a bit , 2012
Voices from the Past: Explorations into Early English Speech-Related Texts
2012
In Charted and Uncharted Territories: Exploring Geographical Variation in English Historical Corpora
2011
Toward a New Tool: An Electronic Text Edition of Depositions 1560–1760
2011
Evidence from Early English Texts: The Corpus Linguistic Perspective
2010
Evidence from Early English Texts: The Corpus Linguistic Perspective
2010
Problems and Solutions in Creating an Electronic Edition of EModE Witness
2009
Reflektioner kring digital utveckling inom korpuslingvistiken
2009
Early English and the Computer: Issues Solved and Unsolved
2009
Explorations into ‘Spoken’ Interaction of the Past: Evidence from Early English Texts
2009
'My dearest Minnykins': Style, Gender and Affect in 19th Century English Letters
Part of The State of Stylistics, p. 229-263, 2008
Part of Sounds, words, texts and change, p. 45-63, 2002
Part of Generative Theory and Corpus Studies. A Dialogue from 10 ICHEL, p. 299-326, 2000
Part of The History of English in a Social Context, p. 53-89, 2000
Backdating the English Constraint Grammar Parser for the Analysis of English Historical Texts
Part of Historical Linguistics 1995 : selected papers from the 12th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Manchester, August 1995, p. 149-166, 1998
Language and Analysis and Diachronic Corpora
Part of Tracing the Trail of Time, p. 9-22, 1997
Part of Words, p. 123-144, 1996
Conference proceedings (editor)
Reports
Other
2024
Downtoners in nineteenth-century English: The genre perspective
2024
Maximizers in nineteenth-century English: The genre perspective
2024
Part of Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics, p. 1-7, 2019
- DOI for Review of Corpus Linguistics and 17th-century Prostitution: Computational Linguistics and History by Anthony McEnery and Helen Baker (2017)
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Part of English Language and Linguistics, p. 203-218, 2013
Part of Literary & Linguistic Computing, p. 382-384, 2006
Part of International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, p. 270-276, 2005
Part of International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, p. 139-140, 2003